Major lipids in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease

The questions below are mandatory:
Question 1. What are the functions of triglyceride and cholesterol in the body?
Question 2. Describe the structure and function of lipoprotein.
Question 3. What does insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mean in relation to lipid abnormalities.
Question 4. List some of the risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD)
Question 5. What are the clinical signs of hyperlipidaemia?

Please answer any 5 of the following questions

Question 1. Discuss the treatment options for hyperlipidaemia.

Question 2. Describe the methods used in your lab for the measurement in blood of cholesterol and triglyceride.

Question 3. What are the possible effects of lipaemia in a sample on assay results? Give examples of interference and how it may be overcome.

Question 4. Suggest some causes of hyperlipidaemia, both primary and secondary to another underlying disease.

Question 5. Describe how lipids are used in assessing risk factors for Chronic Heart Disease

Question 6. Describe the function, composition, metabolism and classification of lipoproteins

Question 7. What are the functions of the four main lipoprotein types:
a) Chylomicrons
b) Very low density lipoproteins (VDL)
c) Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
d) High density lipoproteins (HDL)

Question 8. What are the types and functions of apolipoproteins?

The following Questions are mandatory:

Question 1. Describe the development of atherosclerosis.

Question 2. What use are triglyceride measurements in Chronic Heart Disease (CHD) and discuss its association with other disease states, particularly pancreatitis?

Question 3. List some of the risk factors for Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD).

Question 4. Discuss treatment of primary hyperlipidaemia by referencing NICE guidelines. What are the causes of primary and secondary hyperlipidaemia?

Question 5. Discuss the principles and limitations of the analytical methods and sample requirements for cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDLand LDL Cholesterol.

Answer any 5 of the following questions:

Question 1.Discuss the effects of gender, age, exercise, obesity, alcohol and extraneous oestrogens on lipoproteins.
Question 2. Describe the role of laboratory tests in aiding the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of Cardiovascular Diseases
Question 3. What other markers of CHD have been suggested?
Question 4. Describe the test principles of Roche LDL assay.
Question 5. Discuss effect of interference in Roche LDL assay.
Question 6. Choose the correct answer for the following questions:
a) CVD affects how many people in the UK:
• 10 million
• 8 million
• 7 million

b) How many deaths is CVD responsible for in the UK?
• 1 in 10
• 1 in 5
• 1 in 4

c) Healthcare costs associated with CVD per year:
• £10 billion
• £7 billion
• £9 billion

d) Which are considered physiological and behavioural risk factors in CVD?
• Smoking
• High cholesterol
• High BP
• Poor diet
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Inactivity
• All of the above

Question 7. Describe CHD and triglyceride measurements and association with pancreatitis and other disease states.

Answer any 5 of the following questions:

Question 1. Describe the structure and physiology of B type Natriuretic Peptide BNP

Question 2. What is the role of BNP in CHF?

Question 3. How can BNP be measured?

Question 4. What are the clinical cut-off values for BNP?

Question 5. Describe the role of POCT in the diagnosis of CHF.

Question 6. Discuss the causes of heart failure which may result in a medical emergency or asymptomatic presentation.

Question 7. What is the meaning of clinical sensitivity and specificity in regard to BNP?

Question 8. Discuss principles and limitations of NT-pro BNP

Question 9. What is the acceptable sample type for NT-pro BNP. Discuss sample stability and interference for NT-pro BNP.

The questions below are mandatory:

Question 1. Describe the structural and physiological role of troponins.

Question 2. What is Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?

Question 3. What other medical conditions other than Acute Coronary Syndrome can affect Troponin levels in patients

Question 4. What impact might a laboratory result for Troponin and creatine kinase (CK) have on treatment of patients presenting with ACS?

Question 5. What different types of Troponin and CK are there and which are assayed in your laboratory?

Please answer any 5 of the following questions:

Question 1. Discuss other markers of ACS and any POCT tests available.

Question 2. What does STEMI and NSTEMI stand for?

Question 3. What is the metabolic role of CK, how is this detected?

Question 4. What are the different isoenzymes of CK found in the body?

Question 5. Discuss pros and cons of automated immunoassays.

Question 6. Using current guidelines please explain the laboratory role in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of a patient presenting with chest pain.

Question 7. Define sensitivity and specificity in relation to a clinical laboratory setting.

Question 8. Discuss the use of High Sensitivity Troponin (HST) in acute coronary injury. What impact does the laboratory result have on the treatment of ACS.