HND chemistry

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

1. Understand the general theory and applications of surface phenomena

2. Understand types, properties and use of colloids

3. Understand the principles and applications of phase equilibria.

1.1 Explain the term surface phenomenon.

1.2 Define surface energy and surface tension.

1.3 Explain the effect of temperature and dissolved substances on surface tension.

1.4 State the condition for a liquid to wet a surface with which it is in contact.

1.5 Define work of adhesion and work of cohesion.

1.6 Distinguish between bubbles and cavities.

1.7 Explain the relationship between surface tension and adsorption.

1.8 Distinguish between adsorption and absorption

1.9 Classify adsorption as chemical adsorption or chemisorption and physical adsorption or physisorption.

1.10 List the factors that affect the adsorption of gases by solids.

1.11 Define adsorption isotherm.

1.12 Explain the activation energy of desorption.

1.13 Define sticking probability and fractional coverage.

1.14 Derive and use the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

1.15 Derive and use the Freundlich adsorption isotherm.

1.16 Derive and use the Temkin adsorption isotherm.

1.17 Express the rate of a catalysed reaction using the adsorption isotherm.

1.18 Describe the processes involved in catalytic hydrogenation, oxidation, cracking and reforming.

1.19 List the applications of surface tension.

1.20 List the applications of adsorption.

1.21 Separate compounds by using Thin layer chromatography as example of adsorption phenomenon.

2.1 Define Colloid.

2.2 Classify colloids as Lyophilic or lyophobic.

2.3 Explain the differences between lyophilic and lyophobic sols.

2.4 Describe the preparation and purification of sols.

2.5 Define colloidal electrolyte.

2.6 List the optical properties of sols.

2.7 List the kinetic properties of sols.

2.8 Explain the electrical double layer.

2.9 Explain the electrokinetic effect as a consequence of electrical double layer.

2.10 Explain the difference between electropharesis and sedimentation potential.

2.11 Explain the difference between electro-osmosis and streaming potential.

2.12 Explain the terms - associated colloids, gels and emulsions.

2.13 List the uses of colloids.

3.1 Define equilibrium.

3.2 Distinguish between true equilibrium, metastable equilibrium and unstable equilibrium.

3.3 Define the terms - system, phase, component, degrees of freedom.

3.4 State and derive the phase rule.

3.5 Apply the phase rule to one - component system.

3.6 Interpret liquid - vapour composition diagrams of two component systems using the phase rule.

3.7 Describe the distillation of partially mixable liquids.

3.8 Interpret phase diagrams in which the components take part in a reaction.

3.9 Define the terms phase reaction and peritetic reaction.

3.10 Describe the principles and applications of zonerefining and zone-levelling.

3.11 Interpret triangular - coordinate phase diagrams for three partially mixable liquids.

3.12 Draw and explain the phase diagram of water, carbon dioxide and sulphur.