Industrial Chemistry

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

1. Know the scope of the chemical industry

2. Understand the general principles involved in quality control in chemical industries

3. Understand the chemical principles involved in the manufacture of soap and detergent

4. Understand the chemical principles and process involved in the manufacture of fertilizers

5. Know the principles and processes of glass manufacture.

6. Understand the processes involved in the manufacture of cement

7. Understand the processes involved in the manufacture of leather

8. Understand the mechanism of polymerisation reactions and properties of polymers

9. Understand the chemistry of paints

10. Know the basic science of pulp and paper making

1.1 Outline the scope of chemical technology and chemical process industry.

1.2 List the chemical process industries in the country.

1.3 List major raw materials and their sources for the use of the industries in 1.2 above.

1.4 Classify the raw materials in 1.3 above into organic and inorganic materials.

1.5 Define the word “chemical” as used in industry and classify them into “heavy and Fine” chemicals.

2.1 Define quality control and its significance in Industrial Processes.

2.2 Explain the following terms used in quality control process:

(a) quality assurance

(b) continuous process and batch process

(c) specification

(d) automation

2.3 List steps involved in quality control procedure (Raw materials, Intermediary, Finished Product).

2.4 Define sampling and describe sampling procedure in quality process.

2.5 Explain the role of regulatory bodies (e.g. NAFAC, SON etc) in quality control.

3.1 Differentiate between soap and detergent.

3.2 Differentiate between soft (toilet) soap and hard (laundry) soap.

3.3 List the basic raw materials used industrially in soap making.

3.4 Describe the major methods used industrially in soap making (e.g. cold, coil systems).

3.5 Describe the methods of soap purification

3.6 List the basic raw materials and methods used in the manufacture of detergent.

4.1 List various types of fertilizers viz: nitrogen, phosphate, potassium etc.

4.2 Explain the principles involved in the production of a named fertilizer e.g. phosphate.

4.3 List the raw materials for the production of a named fertiliser.

4.4 Explain the various steps involved in the production of a named fertilizer, and write relevant equations for the reactions in each step.

4.5 Explain the main difference between chemical fertiliser and organic fertiliser.

5.1 Define glass.

5.2 Describe the physical properties of glass e.g. light permeability, hardness, brittleness etc.

5.3 Explain the relevance of the following raw materials to the glass industry:

(a) sand

(b) oxides of potassium, sodium, calcium, lead, boric acid and phosphate.

(c) Pigments, agents, discolouring agents, clearing agents.

(d) BaO (BaCO3), ZnO for thermometer glass, Al2O3 in the form of Kaolin.

5.4 Classify glass into the following:

(a) soft glass

(b) hard glass

(1) monax

(2) pyrex

(3) firmssil

(4) phoenix

5.5 Describe the different methods used in glass manufacture and classify the glasses based on each method e.g. cast, pressed, plate, hollow glass.

5.6 Demonstrate the only possible technique to bring glass into solution (dissolution in HF)

6.1 Explain the term cement, and “Portland cement”.

6.2 Describe the steps involved in cement manufacture.

6.3 Explain firing and the accompanying reactions:

(a) decomposition of lime stone

(b) dehydration of clay

(c) Combination of CaO with Al2O3 to form CaOAl2O3 and with SiO2 to form 2CaO.SiO2.CaO.Al2O3.

6.4 List the composition of a typical cement sample.

6.5 Explain the effects of the following, on the properties of the cement sample in

6.7 above

(a) the fitness of ground raw material

(b) the accurate determination of the ratio of the components

(c) the temperature and firing time

(d) the rate of cooling

7.1 Define Leather in term of stabilized collagen.

7.2 Explain the constitution of animal skin/hide.

7.3 Describe the methods of preservation of hides and skins.

7.4 State the chemical reactions involved in the following process

(a) soaking

(b) unharing

(c) pulping

(d) neutralization

(e) tanning

(f) fertiliquoring

(g) dyeing

7.5 Describe the methods of quality control in the leather industry.

7.6 Describe various physical and chemical tests carried out in leather to ascertain its quality.

7.7 State the grading patterns of leather and hides/skin.

7.8 Describe the various uses of leather in making belt, shoes, bags etc.

8.1 Define polymerization, monomers and initiators.

8.2 Explain the differences between addition and condensation polymerization.

8.3 Describe the mechanism for free radical addition polymerization viz: initiation, propagation and termination reactions.

8.4 Write mathematical equations for each of the stages in 1.5 above.

8.5 Derive the equation for rates of polymerization,

Rp = Kp(M)fkd(l)^{1/ 2}/kt

Where,

(M) = monomer concentration

(l) = initiator concentration

(Kp) = rate constant of polymerization

f = efficiency of initiator

kt = rate constant of termination

8.6 Define kinetic chain length v, average degree of polymerisation Dp, reciprocal degree of polymerisation.

8.7 Describe the effect of chain modifiers on kinetic chain length, average degree of polymerisation and reciprocal degree of polymerisation.

8.8 Describe the methods of relative molecular mass determination viz:

(a) end group analysis method

(b) osmometer method

(c) viscometer method

8.9 Describe polymer structure and isomerism

8.10 List factors affecting crystallization of polymer.

8.11 List the properties of crystalline and amorphous polymers.

8.12 Explain glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature of amorphous and crystalline polymers.

8.13 List factors affecting melting temperature and glass transition temperatures of crystalline polymers.

9.1 Define paints.

9.2 Classify paints as:

(a) emulsion paints oil and alkyd paints

(b) paints based on resins

(c) epoxy coating

(d) poly-urethare finishes

(e) unsaturated polyester finishes

9.3 List the raw materials for the manufacture of paints:

(a) pigments

(b) solvents

(c) paint additives

9.4 Explain the ratio of mixing the raw materials in paint manufacture.

9.5 State the temperature conditions for the manufacture of paints.

9.6 Explain the colouring processes involved in paint manufacture.

9.7 Explain the uses of paints.

9.8 Explain the methods of storage of paints

11.1 Identify materials for pulping.

11.2 Compare hardwood and soft wood.

11.3 Describe the pulping and paper characteristics of the types of woods in 4.2 above.

11.4 Describe the reactions of different constituents of wood with chemical reagents - acids, strong and weak bases.

11.5 Explain the general principles of pulping.

11.6 Classify the various pulping processes: mechanical, semi chemical and chemical.

11.7 Classify various chemical pulping processes e.g. sulphite, soda, kraft (sulphate).

11.8 Describe the following new trends and developments in chemical pulping processes - multistage pulping, organosolent pulping, introduction of anthra quinone (AQ).

11.9 Describe the various pulp purification; bleaching and finishing processes and state the aims of the various operations..

11.10 Explain chemical recovery processes in pulping and bleaching operations.

11.11 Describe various methods used in stock preparation.

11.12 Describe the paper manufacturing unit

11.13 Describe quality control method in pulp and paper industry.