CHEMISTRY

Unit 02: Bonding and Structure

2.0 Relates bonding and structure to properties of matter.

2.1 Analyses the primary interactions ofpolyatomic systems as a means of determining the structure and properties of matter.

Overviews chemical bonds and understands the participation of valence electrons.

Explains the formation of covalent bonds.

Identifies the single bonds and multiple bonds.

Draws Lewis structures of covalent molecules and groups of ions.

Compare the nature of non- polar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds and ionic bonds depending on the difference of electronegativity of the atoms involved in the bond.

Describes the polar covalent nature of bond and molecules using the concepts of polarization and dipole moment giving suitable examples.

Explains the formation of the dative-covalent bond.

Explains the formation of ionic bonds

Explains the structure and properties of ionic lattice using NaCl

Explains the covalent character of ionic bonds based on the polarizing power of cation and polarizability of anions.

Explains the structure of the metallic bond.

Identifies the covalent, ionic and metallic bonding as primary interactions.

2.2 Analyses the shapes of covalent and polar covalent molecules and simple ionic groups.

Draws the resonance structures commonly encountered and containing up to a maximum of ten atoms, by using standard rules

Describes using suitable examples how sp, sp²  and sp³ hybridizations take place in the central atom.

Describes the σ bond π bond as a result of linear and lateral overlapping of atomic orbitals.

Explains using resonance the reason for the equality of bond lengths in the ozone molecule and the carbonate ion.

Predicts using the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, how the pairs of electrons are oriented around the central atom (electron pair geometry) of covalent molecules and ions and thereby the shapes of the molecule/ion (molecular geometry).

Compares the bond angles of different types of molecules (exact values of bond angles will not be tested).

Constructs the models of molecules to illustrate the shapes.

Describes the variation of electronegativities according to the charge ,hybridization and oxidation number.(qualitative only)

2.3 Analyses the secondaryinteractions existing in various systems as a means of determining the structure and propertiesof matter.

Describes the types of secondary interactions using suitable examples.

Highlights the relationship between the nature of secondary interactions present in a substance and its physical properties.

Identifies the importance of secondary interactions and their effect on the state.

Explains the formation of molecular lattices using given examples.

Predicts the physical properties of lattice structures.