The Environment of Pakistan

1 (a) Study the map of the Hunza Valley, Fig. 1.

(i)  Name the range of mountains in which this valley is situated.

(ii) Name the town A.

(iii) Name the highway which follows this valley north to China.

(iv) Name the Federally Administered Area in which this valley is situated.

(b) (i) What is a snowfield?

(ii) Explain why a large part of the area in Fig. 1 is covered with snowfields.

(c) (i) State where the summer pastures are situated on Fig. 1.

(ii) Describe the method of farming called ‘transhumance’, which is used in areas such as the Hunza.

(d) Study Fig. 2, which shows the climate of Misgar.

(i) With reference to Fig. 2, explain why the Hunza River increases in volume in the summer months.

(ii) Explain how topography and climate affect the lives of the people in mountain areas. Use your knowledge of mountain areas and information from Fig. 2 to help you.

(e) The water of the Hunza and other rivers from the Northern Areas is used to irrigate farmland in the Punjab. Explain how the flow of water is controlled.

2 (a) Study the map of Pakistan, Fig. 3.

(i) Name the two main fruit crops grown in area A.

(ii) Why are fruit crops grown in mountain valleys?

(iii) Name one of the main fruit crops grown in area B.

(iv) Why are fruit crops grown in this area?

(v) Why are fruit crops grown mainly for local use?

(b) (i) Describe the climate of area C, shown on Fig. 3.

(ii) Explain how karez irrigation helps date palms to grow in the oases of area C.

(iii) Name one other type of crop grown in oases.

(iv) How is crop growth improved by the date palms nearby?

(c) (i) Name two animals that are reared by nomads in area C.

(ii) Explain the importance of livestock to the nomads.

(iii) Describe the nomadic method of farming.

3 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert), which shows part of the Changa Manga plantation.

(i) What evidence in Photograph A shows that this is a plantation?

(ii) What is used to line the canals, and why is this necessary?

(iii) Why is the plantation being irrigated?

(iv) Why is the water level in the canal lower than the ground around it?

(b) (i) State two domestic uses of wood.

(ii) Explain how wood is used in industry and transport.

(c) (i) What is sustainable forestry?

(ii) Why does Pakistan need to increase the area of irrigated plantations?

(d) (i) Why is afforestation called ‘a long-term investment’?

(ii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a forest area for tourism?

4 (a) Study Fig. 4, which shows the gas pipelines in Pakistan.

(i) Name the gas field A.

(ii) Name the cities B, C and D at the ends of the gas pipelines.

(iii) State two ways in which gas can be supplied to areas away from pipelines.
 
(b) Study Fig. 5, which shows the uses of natural gas in Pakistan.

(i) State the largest use of natural gas.

(ii) Name a use in the ‘other’ sector.

(iii) What is natural gas used for in homes and why is this fuel chosen?

(iv) Why is natural gas called ‘non-renewable’?

(c) (i) Name two raw materials, apart from natural gas, which are used to make fertiliser.

(ii) Explain why most fertiliser factories are in the Punjab and northern areas of Sindh.

(iii) Why is it important that Pakistan manufactures its own fertilisers?

(d) What environmental damage can occur when a new fertiliser factory is built in a rural area?
 
5 (a) Study Fig. 6, which shows the imports and exports of Pakistan.

(i) State the increase in the value of imports from 2000 to 2005.

(ii) How has the value of exports changed compared with imports?

(iii) How will this affect the balance of trade?

(b) Study Fig. 7, which shows the goods exported from Pakistan in 1975 and 2000.

(i) How have the proportions of primary and manufactured goods changed from 1975 to 2000?

(ii) How have these changes affected earnings from exports?

(iii) Explain how cotton can be exported as a primary, a processed and a manufactured product.

(c) Name two dry ports and explain how they make import and export easier, and increase trade.

(d) (i) State two methods of telecommunication.

(ii) Explain how telecommunication can be used to improve the supply of goods, and increase trade in Pakistan and abroad.